Task: Final Task
Topic: Packaging

                         CONTENT

Ø Definition of Packaging.

Ø Abstract

Ø Brief History

Ø Introduction

Ø Uses of Packaging

Ø Packaging Production Level

o   Primary Production

o   Secondary Production

o   Tertiary Production

Ø Types of Packaging

o   Primary Packaging

o   Secondary Packaging

o   Tertiary   Packaging

Ø Experiment and Materials to be used

Ø Summary and conclusion

Ø Reference

DEFINITION OF PACKAGING

It’s a process (such as cleaning, drying, preserving) and materials    (such as glass, metal, paper or paperboard, plastic) employed to contain, handle, protect, and/or transport an article. Role of packaging is broadening and may include functions such as to attract attention, assist in promotion, provide machine identification (bar codes, etc.), impart essential or additional information, and help in utilization. 

ABSTRACT

Packaging has a significant impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of retail supply chains, where improvements can be achieved through the adaptation and development of the concept of packaging. In order to enable these improvements, models are needed that facilitate evaluations along the supply chain and show the activities involved in the packaging process. The knowledge and awareness of the importance and potential of the packaging activities along the supply chain is low. Case studies involving companies from the Swedish and the Dutch retail industry were conducted to identify packaging along the retail supply chain.

BRIEF HISTORY

                  

The early packaging was used to preserve goods and to wrap trade bundles for transport, commonly used packaging materials in these early time included woven grasses, coarse fabrics, animal skins, baskets, wooden crates and boxes.

The first people to roam the earth, back in prehistorically times, sought to conserve the surplus food.

                   In middle Age wooden barrels became the most frequently use of preserving goods. They were used for storing all kinds of solids and liquids, protecting them from light, heat and dampness.

          In the early 20^th century packaging advancements, like transparent cellophane overwraps and carton panels, increased efficiency and improved food safety, increased efficiency and improve food safety. Recycling has long been common for production of packaging materials. Recycling of aluminium and paper based products has been economical for many years: since 1980s, recycling has increased due to consumer awareness and regulatory pressure.

In 2003 packaging sector represented for about two percent of the gross national product in developed countries.

INTRODUCTION

         

Although packaging is recognized as having a significant impact on the efficiency of logistical systems (Twede, 1992; Ebeling, 1990; Lockamy, 1995) and activities such as manufacturing, distribution, storage and handling throughout the supply chain, many packaging dependent costs in the logistical system are frequently overlooked by packaging designers (Twede, 1992).Packaging specifications directly influence the time required for completing packaging operations which ultimately affects product lead time and due date performance (delivery) to the customer (Lockamy, 1995).

 Packaging also affects supply chain effectiveness because it represents an interface between the supply chain and its main customer: the end user and enables the chain’s primary task i.e. serving end consumers, to be accomplished. This is especially evident in the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) supply chain. Packaging Logistics is a fairly new concept that has during the last years developed and gained increased attention by both industry and scientific community (Johnsson 1998;Twede 1992;Dominic et al. 2000;Öjmertz 1998;Twede & Parsons 1997;Henriksson 1998; Saghir 2002).The concept of packaging focuses on the synergies achieved by integrating the systems of packaging and logistics with the potential of increased supply chain efficiency and effectiveness, through the improvement of both packaging and logistics related activities.

                   Packaging has a key role to play in sustainable development. However, its high visibility married with its importance as an essential facilitator for the distribution, marketing and safe use of consumer and other products, creates significant challenges for advancing sustainable development in packaging. Consumer behavior and spending trends, market segmentation and developments in distribution are examples of drivers for new packaging formats and technologies, which are often contrary to the principles of sustainable development.

Uses of Packaging

1 Art.

  

   It’s used for decoration purpose. Fig 1

2 Strategy.

                                                     

   

    It’s used as a strategy for war. Fig 2

3 Smile

     

   

   Packaging puts a smile on once face. Fig 3&4

4 Protect and creates new life.

      

    Its protects life    and Creates new life. Fig 5&6

5 Promise.

             

      

   It’s keeps promises and merge two as one. Fig 7&8

6 Seduction.

  

   Packaging gives pleasure. Fig 9

Types of Packaging

Primary packaging or sales packaging

 

         Fig 10

.             This is any packaging that is conceived so as to constitute, for the end-user or the consumer at the POS, a complete integral package. It concerns, for example a type of packaging that directly encloses the product, such as a small bottle or a can for soft and fizzy drinks.

Secondary packaging or grouped packaging.                          Fig 11                         This is any packaging that is conceived so as to constitute, at the POS, a number of syllable units (primary packaging), regardless of whether the secondary packaging is sold, as such, to the end-user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the POS; it may be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics. It concerns, for example, the plastic packaging around 6 bottles of soft or fizzy drink.

Tertiary packaging or transport packaging.                                                        Fig 12            This is any packaging that is conceived so as to facilitate the safe handling and transport of a number of syllable units or grouped packaging, in order to prevent physical damage due to incorrect handling or transport. Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship or air containers. It concerns, for example, pallets or (heavy) wooden crates.

Service packaging

 

                                    Fig 13

Any kind of primary, secondary or tertiary packaging that is used at the POS to consumers of goods or services, as well as any kind of packaging which is of the same type and which is used in the someway. For example, a bread bag at the baker’s, the paper wrapped around fresh and cooked meats at the butcher’s, etc.

Packaging Production levels.

Primary production 

                                

            Figure 14: Harvesting of Rice.                                                  Figure 15:

                               

                 Figure 16: Granite excavation.                                               Figure 17: Oil Drilling.

                                 

           Figure 18: Cutting of trees.                                          Figure 19: Transporting the Timber.

Primary production involves the extraction of raw materials (e.g. coal, iron, agricultural commodities).Raw materials can be: Extracted –e.g. coal, iron ore, oil, gas and stone Harvested / collected – e.g. fish Grown – e.g. timber, cereal crops there’s little value added in primary production. The aim is usually to produce the highest quantity at lowest cost to a satisfactory standard. 

Secondary production.

         

                              

 Figure 20: Furniture factory                                              Figure 21: End Product

                          

   Figure 22: Car factory (Lamborghini)                                Figure 23: End Product.

          Secondary production involves transforming raw materials into goods. There are two main kinds of goods: 

Consumer goods – e.g. washing machines, DVD players. As the name implies, these are used by consumers

Industrial / capital goods – e.g. plant and machinery, complex information systems. Industrial and capital goods are used by businesses themselves during the production process. 

In the secondary production sector, value is “added” to the raw material inputs. For example, foodstuffs are transformed into ready meals for sale in supermarkets; metals, fabrics, and plastics are transformed into motor vehicles. 

There are many different industry sectors in secondary production. For example

Construction 

Electronic instruments

Pharmaceuticals (drugs)

House-building

Tertiary production 

 Tertiary production.

                        

                 Figure 24: School                                                  Figure 25: Magnectic Train

                  

       Figure 26: Housing Area                                     Figure 27: Delivering service van

 

                  Figure 28 Hostel

Tertiary production is associated with the provision of services (an intangible product). As with the secondary sector, there are many tertiary production markets. Good examples include: 

Hotels 
Private healthcare and education 

Accountants 
Tourism

 Nail Packaging.

Experiments.

Stage 1(sketches of what to make)

 Materials to be used.

Pencil

Glue

Card Board

Ruler

Cutter

Black Cardboard

Mat

Outer Layer(Finishing)

 Working face

   

 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

         

 Sustainability associated to product packaging systems is an abstract and complex concept, and one that is very much open to interpretation. To be able to advance sustainable development in packaging, stakeholders need specific guidance as to how they can implement it into their daily business practice. The traditional narrow focused paradigm of waste reduction and recycling is losing its validity within the

Context of packaging sustainability and a more holistic approach is essential to meet future community and industry challenges.

The Packaging Alliance has taken the initiative to establish a draft, definition of sustainable packaging and is seeking international debate and comments with the aim to advancing the definition towards a globally accepted guidance framework.

References

M, S., 2004. Packaging our future.. Brussels, Belgium: The Economist Newspaper Ltd.

Spa, 2005. Packaging Impact Quick Evaluation Tool Prospectus. Melbourne, Australia: s.n.